Examining the efficacy of copper‐silver ionization for management of <scp> <i>Legionella</i> </scp> : Recommendations for optimal use

Although copper-silver ionization (CSI) has been used for 30 years to inactivate Legionella bacteria and other opportunistic pathogens in water, the literature is a mix of both successes failures. This paper reviews technology case studies help improve success CSI installations. Important properly designed system capable consistent delivery copper/silver ions at their target levels. However, even most advanced will fail if not operated maintained. Water chemistry can impact performance systems attention should be on conductivity, temperature, oxygen, flow, pH, chloride, sulfate, alkalinity, hardness, phosphate dissolved organic carbon Several are provided demonstrate effectiveness treatment high pH The report concludes that use control highly effective when units designed, maintained, operated.